Environment Preferences of Woodlice: An Experiment

Environ man personnelt appreciations of Woodlice An Experiwork forcetDo Woodlice select infr travel or teetotal environ manpowerts?Woodlice argon comm altogether mis photographn for insects. Although they tend to rattling in woodland disciplines, Woodlice shutdownst relatives ar actu wholey Crabs, Shrimp and Lobsters, with all 4 belonging to Kingdom Crustacea (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). Crustaceans characteristically live in aquatic or give out habitats. They fox cephalothoraxes and need a body of body of water proof exoskeleton (Kent, 2000). Due to their exoskeleton not cosmos waterproof, dry environments ar bad for woodlice (Kent, 2000). Water raise be lost from their bodies via transpiration leaving them existent(prenominal) vulnerable to desiccation (Anselme, 2013).Their size would indicate that transpiration can occur very quickly, pr thus farting them from venturing very far from their usual damp habitat.They atomic number 18 terrestrial blindhropods more(prenominal)over argon thought to hold up evolved from sea d soundlying animals such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a Trilobite (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14).Most crustaceans perch via gills, and so wishing to unendingly be close to water sources in order to breathe (Pond, 1990). It can therefore be deduced that woodlice (as crustaceans) need to confine close to water sources in order to survive.Woodlice atomic number 18 actually nocturnal, emerging at shadow to feed and socialise (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). They moult through and throughout their growth, and at the point of the actual moult they are very vulnerable, separate(a) woodlice bequeath actively fight over a freshly moulted woodlo drill until hotshot wins and consumes it (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14).The purpose of this experiment is t o find out if woodlice privilege damp or dry environments. The woodlice allow for be introduced into survival ho phthisis which are half damp and half dry and allocated a ut boundaryost of clock succession before counting how more constitute settled in each theatre of operations. The damp area go a elbow room be made damp via tap water as woodlice are sensitive to pH (Souty-Grosset et al, 2005).Anselme, 2013 stated that woodlice collectmed to re chief(prenominal) immobile in environments that it was deemed to favour. Therefore, this experiment allow for rely on the woodlice immobilising deep d own a set geological period of era (10 minutes) before solicitation the results.Woodlice are fellowshipn as decomposers (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). Everything decays and decomposes faster in damp areas, and although there is a lot of evidence that woodlice require the damp to breathe, it may similarly be possible that they asso ciate damp areas with solid food sources and so show a taste sensation for damp environments.The hypothesis is Woodlice like damp to dry environments.Materials and Methods10 WoodliceChoice chamber with gauze unwavering and dry kitchen rollPot to collect woodlice inStop take hold of10 woodlice were located in a nearby woodland area and placed into the collection pot establishy to transport.The choice chamber was beca hold set up. Using the divided areas of the choice chamber, half the chamber was fill with damp kitchen roll and the early(a) half with dry kitchen roll. The gauze was so placed on top of the kitchen roll and lastly the lid was impersonate on the top. The 10 woodlice were subsequently introduced to the middle of the choice chamber.They were consequently time and observed for 10 minutes before organism counted in their final locations.This experiment was then restate under exactly the same conditions and more results were collected.A keep experiment was then per plaster casted to ensure that the woodlice were not twined by other factors when choosing their area to settle within the choice chamber.ResultsIn the first of all experiment, after the allocated 10 minutes, 1 woodlo drug ab expenditure became still in the dry area, the remaining 9 settled in the damp area.In the atomic number 16 experiment 2, after the allocated 10 minutes, 2 woodlice settled in the dry area and 8 were pitch in the damp area.In the control experiment, the adjudicate woodlice were allocated the same 10 minutes in order to chose where to settle. 6 woodlice stopped in angiotensin-converting enzyme half of the choice chamber and 4 in the other.DiscussionThe results are quite clear the majority of the type woodlice chose to re facial expression in the damp area of the choice chamber in both experiment whizz and experiment two. The control experiment showed that the woodlice preference was purely based on the variables of the experiment.It is possible that less woodlice went to the damp side in the second experiment due to becoming saturated with water so sought out dryer areas to dry out (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). To avoid this take uping the results, the woodlice could construct been inclined more time between experiments.It was unclear whether the woodlice take in contained divers(prenominal) species, and woodlice ability to survive for long-term in dryer areas depends on the amount of gills they suck up (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). The species of the pattern was un realizen, although after viewing whatsoever diagrams, it was suspected to be genus Porcellio Scaber (McGavin, 2000). Further research could compare divers(prenominal) species and their preferences of environments.The woodlice all seemed to settle and kick the bucket still after around 4 minutes of exploring their natural surroundings. Their remission was taken as a s ign on their preference of area (Anselme 2013).Although it did seem the exploration of the choice chamber was random, during experiment 1 a smaller woodlo fleshly exertion actually mounted a larger woodlo determination. Its great deal was therefore dependent on the choices of its carrier, not its own. This may have bear on the validity of the results.The sample size was very small, which fall ins the experiments results very limited and therefore a repeat of this experiment would require a larger sample group to collect more varied, accurate results.The amount of water apply to create the damp side was not regulated. In order to keep things the same, the water should have been measured and the exact same amount of musical composition towel should have been used each time.The experiment could be repeated several times in order to wee-wee out a more accurate aver age choice of the woodlouse.The control experiment should have been performed first so there was no chance the sampl e had associated a side of the choice chamber with a certain variable.A choice chamber is an issueive way of finding preference however it was not a realistic living environment. Damp and Dry soil could have minded(p) more reliable, realistic results as it imitates the environment the sample were found in.The sample woodlice were all collected from the same area. These woodlice were already living in damp conditions, which was a good indicator as to their preferred habitat. The sample could have been collected from various habitats to prove that given the choice, all woodlice prefer a damper environment.It can be concluded that, on average, the woodlice sample chose to settle in the damp environment than the dry environment, as was hypothesised.REFERENCESANSELME, P. (2013) Preference for abundant, random tactile stimulation in woodlice. Learning and motivation. (44), 326 336BADENHAUSSER, I. SOUTY-GROSSET, C. REYNOLDS, J.D. MOREL, A. (2005) Investigations on the electric potenti al of woodlice as bioindicators of grassland habitat quality. European Journal of Soil Biology 41, 109116KENT, M. (2000) progress Biology. Oxford Oxford university press. Page 488-489MCGAVIN, G.C. (2000) Insects, spiders and other terrestrial arthropods. London Dorling Kindersley ltd. Page 212POND, C.M. (1990) Biology form and function Diversity of Organisms. Kent Hodder and Stoughton. Page 95Sylvanus Archaeological, Natural History object lesson Servicesonline Welcome to the Weird and Wonderful World of Woodlice Norwich. Available from http//www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf accessed 10/10/14BIBLIOGRAPHYANSELME, P. (2013) Preference for rich, random tactile stimulation in woodlice. Learning and motivation. (44), 326 336SPENCER, J.O. and EDNEY, E.B. (1954) The ingress of water by woodlice. Birmingham UniversityZoology De dowrymentSylvanus Archaeological, Natural History voice Servicesonline Welcome to the Weird and Wonderful World of Woodlice Norwich. Ava ilable from http//www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf accessed 10/10/14POND, C.M. (1990) Biology form and function Diversity of Organisms. Kent Hodder and Stoughton. Page 95McGavin, G.C. (2000) Insects, spiders and other terrestrial arthropods. London Dorling Kindersley ltd. Page 212Kent M. (2000) Advanced Biology. Oxford Oxford university press. Page 488-489Impact of blind Nouveau Influences on inside DesignImpact of fine art Nouveau Influences on Interior DesignMy proposal will demonstrates that subterfuge Nouveau was an artistic movement that took disparate directions in each country, how does this art movement changes the place of the world and affect all forms of visual culture. Furthermore, the impacts it has on architectures and national creation in the artistry Nouveau movement. I will to a fault demonstrates a New York architect whos work has relate to my design practice as inspiration.I was interested in Hector Guimards historic and refined architec tures invigorate me a lot, especially the genus Paris electron tube station. I like the dazzling virtuosity of wrought ironwork, as hale as the floral designs and the unique letterform that was applied on the Paris metro entrance. Besides, the silhouettes of the metro entrance were symmetrical and it was designed to catch the eye and the jump decorations are elegant. He employs endless wealth of personality forms in architecture. Guimard architectures are essentially characterized for the naturalistic ornamentation and sophisticated design based on launch, his design idea is borrowed from nature and subsequently translates the contour of nature into architecture. I particularly like his bold use of materials and colour, such as the vibrant green he apply on the Paris metro entrance.In my own design practice, Hector Guimards architectures have an impact on my design in terms of the extremely detailed surface ornamentation on architectures, the bold colour and distinctive awai tance of his historic architectures have elysian me in my design where historical and contemporary design are incorporate into one design. On the other side, I found that the graphics Nouveau glassware, architectures and interior design have truly inspired me a lot on detailed nonfunctional designs and the use of plants as ornaments for interior decoration. The rich work of cheat Nouveau glassware have combined the beauty in nature and this is one of the rationalness I love everything that was produced during this art movement. The motif in my design practice encompasses all the characteristics of guile Nouveau, comprising the inspiration are derived from plants forms and the decorative surface.This book very clearly and thoroughly discusses how elements of fine art Nouveau were absorbed into imposture Deco after the World War I and how Art Nouveau styles of tile-making have been bring around in the 1980s and 1990s. The book is very useful in determine why this was so and demonstrating the cultural significance this type of decoration had at the time. Verbrugge gives a detailed upstarts report of Art Nouveau was an attempt to give a new direction to nineteenth degree centigrade art, architecture and design and to deputize the prevailing historical style at the time. Additionally, the book as well looks at how architects incorporate Art Nouveau ceramic decorations in buildings.This book demonstrates the numerous ways in which furniture not only offered Art Nouveau designers the opportunity to use their favourite sinuous curves and floral decorations, exactly in addition gave them free rein to select physical body of woods and other materials to obtain different motion in order to decorate a space in Art Nouveau style. In addition to thorough written and illustrated drills of their use, the book shows the diversity of Art Nouveau furniture that they are characterized by their charm for ornamentation. It also discusses why Art Nouveau furni ture was intricately decorated in the nineteenth and twenty century interior and discusses their meanings in the interior. It further goes on to detail on the sources that inspired designers in decorating the interior with Art Nouveau furniture.The book explores chairs and desks were adorned by elaborately distinctive styles of ornate, sinuous shape and natural curves of design. Duncan also looks at Art Nouveau furniture designers prefer is use a wide range of wood. picket wood comprise teak, ash and maple. While dark woods were walnut, rosewood and mahogany. Mahogany has dark grain surface, it varnished repeatedly until it acquired a rich chocolate-brown hue, imparted a feeling of wealth. In addition, the characteristics of Art Nouveau furniture are their repose of line, richness of material and sobriety of decoration.This book offers a wide discourse on material which it has quite obviously moveed an important utilization in Art Nouveau glass. Ricke has discusses why Art Nou veau glass is not adept a material for vessels besides also for works that are so close to sculpture. This is relevant to my interests in the unique and distinctive design on Art Nouveau glassware. Ricke explains when various layers and colours, compact intaglio cutting and engraving are employed on glass, it make the glass looks more distinctive effect. Besides, he aslo discusses painting on glassware is very similar of paint on wall in certain aspects.Beckers book historically locates Art Nouvea gems took on strange unprecedented characteristics moreover, the dramatic symbolism of themes and motifs in Art Nouveau jewels. Besides, she has also referred the main principle of Art Nouveau proposed that the aim of art was to suggest candor. Becker discusses why the Art Nouveau jewels reflect the century at the time. It chronicles the bureau of women is the theme for soldieryy a(prenominal) Art Nouveau jewel designers at the time and this theme reflected in legion(predicate) p ortrayals of women in the jewels. Insects, animals, plants, nature and birds are the fantasy creature as well as greatly loved motifs in Art Nouiveau jewellery, specially the snake doctor and butterfly they were used in endless variations. Wriggling marine plants, wavelet hair and the natural curves of the fe phallic form are the inspirations for Art Nouveau jewelry designers. The decorative floral motifs can also world seen in Art Nouveau jewelry. They all dominant theme of Art Nouveau jewelry. Furthermore, Art Nouveau motif was extensively used in jewelry for a reason of harmony in manners and art. Jewelry designer has put emphasise on esthetic to the jewelry design and the femininity that employ a powerful influence during the Art Nouveau movement conveyed through the virtually feminine of ornaments. This book provides an splendiferous contextual overview for considering how Art Nouveau jewel designers express the new spirit of the art with special emphasis on the decorativ e element in jewel design. The book discusses forefronts about jewelry was the near intense expression of the Art Nouiveau movement. It reviews the nature of Art Nouveau style suited the purpose of jewelry as adornment to feminine beauty. Wealthy family who are passiobate about their plants was uncontrollable over their jewels and how they morose the natural flowers into jewels and diamonds to be transformed into flowers are further topics in this book. Becker explains the reality of nature in Art Nouveau jewelry design demonstrates jewel designers penetrating observation of the structure of and composition of plants. The book is useful because it mentioned every jewel designers contributed their individual way to their Art Nouveau jewelry design. She has also looks at the planetary impact on Art Nouveau jewel.Becker explores Art Nouveau jewelry designers study the plant structure and also mentions Art Nouveau jewelry have exquiste charm and deep relationship to nature. Additi onally, the about extensive influence on Art Nouveau spurt jewel design came from ancient jewelry. She also gives a detailed explanation of Art Nouveau jewelry had all the vigour and intensity of youth, they are all highly decorative, streamlined and rich in order to create an annul linear look on jewels.Hypermaleness And Homointimateity African American farmingHypermaleness And Homo cozyity African American CultureThrough past bring forth and research, hypermasculinity has led African American culture to be defined as a culture that strongly fights for their sign of condition, and sexual aggressivity and dominance appear to be highly regarded. Research has concluded that media and false misinterpretations of hypermasculinity are the main causes, and the strong influences they have are causing these dominant, aggressive and inquireing behaviours. Research has been make through personal interviews, field work and observation. Perhaps present and antecedent research is showi ng a better understanding for umteen cultures as to why African American men display certain characteristics, in which demonstrate power and control. Furthermore studies are creating awareness for fellowship, although they are not justifying these behaviours as being acceptable.IntroductionLife threatening stakes are brought upon us every day as we walk out the front door, into the double-decker or into the front doors of school. Growing up in straight offs society and adapting to various norms, values and behaviours in which one witnesses, is traumatic and time devour amongst new-fangled men and women, especially preteen African American men. grammatical gender berths and societies expectation are presented at such a young age, this leading(p) to pressure and unjustified behaviours, such as drug trafficking, prostitution and pimping. in spite of appearance African American society, gender roles are depicted precisely and followed. discordant different ethnic groups li ve in different split of the world, but the spatial relation of shadowy males in American society has been in liquidize for the last several decades (Lips 2001, p.5). The reasons why all these groups must show status is to prove their images of what it means to be masculine. Sentimental, submissive and superstitious (Lips, 2001, p.5) are qualities associated with womanishs in every country. On the other hand males are more probably to be connected to characteristics resembling dominance, forcefulness and strength (Lips, 2001, p.5). In a variety of Hip record hop, ping music video clips, the images being portrayed of how young men must behave eternally consists of the same factors dominance, power, aggressivity and the tough guy. The question of how hypermasculinity is defined in African American culture and why sexual aggressivity and dominance appear to be highly regarded within this culture, has been an ideology for legion(predicate). disdain false interpretation that th e media portrays, and the pressure of role models and real men, the following make-up will examine the main points and answers to these questions. Furthermore it will observe the use of the term nigga and gansta from an open minded point of view.Hypermasculinity defined and expressHypermasculinity is an extremely important sign of status for glum males. Hypermasculinity is defined in the (Oxford Dictionary) as an exaggerated masculine qualities, although this term can be negative, it is also personalized when examining these behaviours as adaptive or maladaptive impassively. The term gansta for example comes from the intelligence information gangster, which means a criminal who is a part of a gang who would wishing to be viewed as a criminal. The other term much miss used, is the account book pimp. A pimp, is an agent for prostitutes who lives off their pay (Oxford Dictionary). Today pimp is being used to refer to guys who rest period with galore(postnominal) girls, or the ones who can pick up any girl they want. Where will society draw the line, and who comes to decide whether one corresponds to the definition of a man an adult man male, sometimes also used to identify a male human regardless of age, as in phrases such as mens goods (Oxford Dictionary).DeReef examines African American behaviour and defines masculinity to the degree where a male is able to successfully manifest their attributes (DeReef, F. J. 2006, p.46). These behaviours are being shown in different ways where males are modifying or distorting their real behaviours in order to conform into society, as to what seems to be correctly acceptable. Over a long period of time until today dense compulsive masculinity has been a dysfunctional response to solving racial domination and has been causing more problems within the environment. In other discussions dreary compulsive behaviours is an ideology quiet of African consciousness, in which has created a reactionary masculinity in ma ny African American males who seek to imitate their white male counterparts (DeReef, F.J. 2006, p. 47). harmonise to Wolfe African American males strongly believe it is unexpressed to achieve masculine identity through usual work or responsibilities. They are justifying their behaviours through assumptions in which they believe that they are the only ones who must work big(a) and have responsibilities in order to achieve masculine identity. Maladaptive hypermasculine behaviours such as drug trafficking, or being a pimp are the ones being justified because there is not enough employment opportunities given to portentous men. There has been a correlation between joblessness and higher(prenominal) incidence of various maladaptive behaviours.Hypersexuality and mankindphobia dark-skinned males, especially young men are so afraid to be referred to as wimps, or homos, that they have even created the term no homo (Masculinity, homophobia and Hip Hop, n.d ),. The term No homo must be st ate at the end of each sentence, in order for citizenry not to think they sound rattling, or they said something gay. During an interview regarding the term no homo, males claimed not to be reinforcing that their not gay because they know theyre not, but they are just making sure that when they spill the beans others dont assume theyre gay. Homophobia is a big issue that has aroused and has develop serious within the generation today. Elijah G.Ward, discusses how the black churches are also encouraging homophobia amongst black males and most of the time those who are against quirkiness are uncertain of their own sexuality and fear that they will be categorised as a community. This strongly emphasizes their powerful beliefs that heterosexuality is the right way. Many cultures do not support homosexuality, a significant amount of black people match to Elijah G. Ward, see homosexual relationships as unacceptable and morality wrong p.494. In the black community a famous gansta-ra pper Ice Cube has ingrained in one of his famous rimes real niggas aint gay (Ward, G.E .2005, p. 497). Homosexuality is seen to be a sign of failing and is associated with feminine characteristics, these also encouraging labels towards men such as fags or queers. The black church strongly enforces that homosexuality is not what a man is and a man should be cutthroat, demanding and have control. Their main priorities are their labels and they pay close attention, not to be called sissies which is the gelid of being cool. They want to portray that hard core gansta rapper role model who is an intensified, black male cultural reflection of patriarchy, sexism, hetorosexism and gansta-style (Ward, G. E. 2005, p. 497).Violent behaviours and ganstathroughout history, the black population have undergone several changes some harder to adapt to then others. The main issue with behaviours constantly changing and deviance sometimes being accepted, is when you adapt to an aggressive domina nt behaviour you dont want to let go of that control you have obtained. A problem which has occurred and is important to understand is to know the difference between, understanding what you have been told and believing and making your own judgements because if it is right. For example in the black society it is a sign of status, to sleep with as many women as possible. William, A. Wolfe, summarize in their article that it is right to deceive a girl in order to have sex with her (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p 848) and that they dont believe in the use of the condom for a simple(a) reason that they would be undermining their masculinity (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 848).Black males have been socialized into using their phallus as a way to achieve manhood. Different expectations within a culture or society and how values have changed over time. This has also caused many African American women to fear their partners, and studies say that a woman has been in an abusive relationship is mo re likely not to handle up and fight her partner. In regards to sexuality and power the black African American society believes that when sexual pugnacity exists in a relationship (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 848 ), this shows violence is involved therefore he is a man utmost violence is manly. Adolescent black males are also accounted for having a higher victimization rate than any other racial or age group (Gregory,S. 2007, p 371). African American women compare to their counter parts are the ones to usually get involved in abusive relationships and uphold quiet due to their surroundings and or an abusive bring forth. African American women are more vulnerable and listen to their partners when they use aggressive behaviours. This also brings out statistics which show that over fifty percent of babies are natural to minor females, fathered by African American men. They also show that the father is usually on average 26.1 long time older (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 849.From thi s one can clearly conclude that a young African American female is no way has interpersonal skills and dominance over her partner to demand the use of a condom.Furthermore, black males are often taught or handy to control their emotions internally towards exercises that stimulate minor frustration, although this does not emphasise the power that long term maladaptive, ego destructive and life threatening (Gregory, S. 2007,p.386) consequences have above it all. An infant who is brought up in a dangerous neighbourhood, attend an unsafe school and dealt with racism is more prone to recognize feelings towards aggression and violence. Black men who have experienced a tragic aftermath of a life threatening situation will want to be prepared if it ever happens again, this is why Gregory, S. discusses the use of stretch outing of a artillery. In most neighbourhoods today and schools, young teens will not walk around with knifes and use it as an excuse of security purposes, although i n neighbourhoods where there are at least three people getting stabbed every day, these young kids want to feel safe. The college of New Jersey evaluated that males are more likely to have a bun in the oven a weapon than females, and a survey in 2007 showed that 27% of boys did carry a weapon (Gregory, S. 2007, p.369). Carrying a knife or a gas pedal is a sign of security, despite its encouragement towards violent behaviours. A weapon stimulates the fight or flight response which is a decision you make when experiencing a dangerous situation. Is the individual going to walk away, or will he make a decision and fight. In a situation where mortal is carrying a weapon, almost one hundred percent of the time if they feel secure enough to fight and win, the weapon is their support and will cause them to partake in this dangerous behaviour. Statistics show that in 1994, gun for hire control accounted for approximately 1,700 Black youths aged ten to nineteen (Gregory, S. 2007, p 368). The following statistics tell us that most of crime is being perpetrate at a young age by youth. juvenility children are the ones who are victimised, especially in schools in poor neighbourhoods and the fear they experience is unpleasant and it creates an awareness of danger.Hip Hop a justifiable reason leading to hypermasculinityThe third point, if not one of the most influential one in society influencing power, dominance and control is Hip Hop. As a whole Hip Hop has release a culture for most black African American men and this has brought up a new image of acceptable behaviours and hypermasculinity. Many video clips you watch or lyrics you read are not only full of vulgar language, but its always a battle over a girl, power or insult someones mother. Rap has created a new lifestyle for young men, and also many role models like Eminem, 50 cent and Tupac. Luxury has also become a big part of status. Many African American men today believe that rap is a way to express their tr ue black life. There are different kinds of rap music, this having an influence on different kind of behaviours that are being acted out in society. Rap is categorised using five different forms. Teacher-rap, nation conscious rap, gansta rap, faker/lover rap, porno rap and last religious rap (DeReef,F.J. 2006). These different kinds of rap all influence different ideas from social commitment to struggle, romance, sexual aggressive behaviours and spirituality of Christianity and Islam. It is amazing to listen to a rap song and interpret all these different ideas, and thinks to yourself, how can a young fifteen or cardinal year old kid understand this. What is being said is sometimes due to a personal experience or the rap artist is expressing his feelings and or emotions. Media has shown violence to be a part of masculinity, that it has become a norm and is no longer deviance within society. Statistics show that one in four men will use violence against their partner, and eighty-fi ve percent of murders are being committed by men. As one can witness sexuality, criminality and violence play a strong role as being partners. Hip Hop role models like Lil Wayne display high rates of criminality for young African American men, and also use violence and strength towards sexuality. Young males are being brain washed and influenced in regards to these being the real characteristics of men and its a direct justification for hypermasculine behaviours.Roots of slaveryThe seventeenth century African American slavery was devastating and today has become a part of history. Slaves were not entitles any equal rights compare to what other had. They were demanded to do hard labour work and were treated with cruelty. Slaves were working skew-whiff amount of hours a day and werent even treated as human beings.These slaves were being sold as if they were commodities from city to city. Slaves were seen by many as a different class of people in society. Many slaves essay to fights their master although there was not much success as they would be arrested or sent somewhere else. Slavery today plays a role on how society view black males and how they view themselves compare to society.The word niggaThe word nigga is a good example or a word that has different meanings and that has been re-appropriated in society depending on who uses it. The word nigga comes from the word nigger which was originally used to refer to black people. The word was also used in the time of slavery for the black who were trying to escape. Today many African American men use the word amongst each other like white people would use the word brother. Although if a white person were to use the word nigger it is seen as insulting and some African American men take it to the extreme of being offended they might even beat someone up. Nigger for the African American culture is a sign of self identity amongst one another and pride. It is a moment in time of history and they want to hold onto t his. In the 1970 the word nigger was seen as racists, offensive and as early as today it is a word that many will refrain from using.Slavery and hypermasculinityMen have enslaved other men to show their mastery over them, and think it is a weakness to show or express their feelings towards other human beings. Patriarchal masculinity has caused problems that are so complex. Long after legal racial separatism ended ( Lips, 2001, p.2 ), it is still clear how the white society treats Black men. Unless close attention is being payed to little factors which make a difference often Black men are referred to not as men but as boys (Lips, 2001, p.20). Black men lived through times where they were never given the same privileges as white men, and they always had to earn their masculinity, most of the time not feeling good about being a man. Black males were always viewed as inferior to other cultures and always had to prove themselves one way or another. They were always stereotypically relat ed to drugs, pauperisation and violence. Black American youth during the period of black power to Hip Hop, were denied opportunities to exercise their citizenship this having an effect today, they dont want to fall back down beneath everyone. Being denied opportunities, rights and not able to achieve personal goals has stuck with the black society until today. Not only is being labelled black a mental damage, but creates physical aggression as well.It seems that an individual who has been constantly emasculated over the years would at least try to conform to the dominant culture in hope of their being some acknowledgment of acceptance. It has been proven throughout society especially in the United States, that growing up as a black male has been a tough process. Being a black male is a burden at times because some people see and think of me, and men like me, as menaces to society. The masculinity that has been a part of my life has been one that has been used to oppress others and oppress me (Clifford, A. 2006, and p.4).The status of poverty for African American youth is the one that is the most revealing. In 2001 among all American children under the age of eighteen, the poverty rate was sixteen percent, but it was three times as high for black children 30 percent (Collins, H, P. 2006, p.3). Black youth are the ones who are affected the most by social problems. Increasing employment opportunities for African American males would be ideal, this would give them a better environment, better surroundings and influence them that they are like the rest of the society. This is also why many black males rape, because that act of aggression towards a women is a form of status in which they would use in a workplace which is often not available for them. In other words, having the right to work and live a normal life style, will affect them positively. Several African American men have shaped their understandings and realities based on the past and keep exercising tho se actions. Having a normal life style remains a dream for many black youths living under the age of eighteen. The main problem that touches upon poverty is the ineffectiveness of political strategies that strive to resist it (Collins, H, P. 2006, p.9). The civil rights movement was the chief(a) strategy to solve racial integration, although African American politics are trying new social challenges to meet old responses. Despite some accomplishment, African Americans are frustrated because they dont see anything opening up forrad of them and they are still dealing with high unemployment rates. Beyond social problems resulting to poverty, unemployment and lack of civil rights, masculinity today is a big part relating to the past. African American societies have developed strong personalities to prove who they are and what they are capable of. For instance when you look around today, you will see more black males working, neighbourhoods are less poor and opportunities and chances h ave been and are being given to black communities. Considering that young African American males occupy such a visible position within society, they have demonstrated a zero tolerance for race, nation, gender, age and sexuality (Collins, H, P. 2006). All these different aspects that influenced black men have created the drives towards manhood today. When black men were in slavery they were being ordered around and always given commands comparing that to this new generations they are the ones who are in control, and for the most are the ones giving commands. final resultThe issue of hypermasculinity is one that is quite complex and a total resultant cannot be found. Research has shown that African American men believe in proving themselves as real men this leading to behaviours in which can no longer be controlled. These actions are being tolerated by society today especially for young black males. Sexual aggressivity, dominance and hypermasculinity are highly responded within the c ulture for a countless amount of reasons. Media is portraying false misinterpretations as to what it means to be masculine, there is always a constant pressure being brought upon black males which enforces violent and controlling behaviours and they are being accepted as normal. Thirdly, African American culture has such a strong influential past of slavery that their culture is looking at society through a different lens.Black male inescapably to accomplish giving themselves an identity that will cause them to be prospering with themselves. Ideally black males should critically assess the dominant cultures norm of masculinity instead of reworking the norms to satisfy their social situation. Many black males have failed to see the problem of the dominant cultures norms of masculinity in their lives. Society in global has labelled black men as being dangerous, and regardless if you know the person or not before even speaking to many black men they fall into that category that they are violent, dangerous or a sex maniac. Society has enforced black males to feel this way and cause them to do things in which they shouldnt do. It has caused a psychological problem which is hard to erase. In no way do African American men believe they can show weakness, this would mean they are not men. violence in the media is glorified, and is exposed to children of all ages. Police will not flutter to use violence against suspects, and these young black males are often the targets of violent behaviours in their neighbourhoods drugs, rape, gang related fights or domestic violence.