Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy For Advanced Chronic...

Proposal Title: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Impact on Patient Centered Outcomes Background In the United States, over 5 million patients have heart failure (HF) and approximately 20 million patients have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both conditions are linked by multiple risk factors including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco abuse, and increasing age. The presence of HF increases the risk of CKD and vice versa. Nearly one third of all patients with HF and 70% of Medicare patients with HF have Stage III CKD or greater and approximately 50% of dialysis dependent end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients will develop HF. Patients with medication refractory HF and CKD and their†¦show more content†¦Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) emerged as an important treatment for HF patients with systolic dysfunction and a prolonged QRS duration. Although findings from landmark trials have led to widespread use of CRT in many patient cohorts, there has been considerable controversy surrounding its use in patients with advanced CKD because these patients are poorly represented in these trials. The few published studies exploring the use of CRT in advanced CKD have shown modest reduction in HF hospitalization or death, but those studies have been limited by their small size, retrospective nature, and lack of data on patient centered outcomes (e.g. functional status and quality of life). The lack of data regarding how CRT impacts outcomes among patients with advanced CKD is a major problem especially in light of the results of an unpublished analysis of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) Implantable Cadioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Database (which captures data on most patients who receive a CRT-D device in the United States) demonstrating that 37% of patients receiving a CRT device had advanced CKD (defined as CKD Stage III-V). There are no prospective studies that have evaluated, or are in the process of evaluating, CRT in patients with advanced CKD. This issue is further compounded by the potentially higher risk of procedural complications in such patients. Physicians

Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy versus The Seven Deadly...

In Douglas Adamss novel, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect traverse an imperfect galaxy plagued by a lack of individuality. In The Seven Deadly Sins Today, Henry Fairlie ventures that this galactic epidemic correlates to the transmission of immorality throughout the world. Douglas Adams utilizes satire and characterization to demonstrate how the human condition is flawed. Furthermore, Henry Fairlie calls upon the archetypal seven deadly sins to criticize human banality. Collectively, Adamss wittiness and Fairlies bitterness encourage the reader to exercise ones identity. First, Douglas Adams satirizes modern society to delineate the blemishes that chafe the face of humankind. Next, characterization†¦show more content†¦Essentially, Adams conveys that people are too worried about their financial status and forget to enjoy life to its fullest. Money becomes a shackle and enslaves the people of planet Earth with one of the seven deadly sins: gree d. The internet dictionary of Princeton University defines greed as excessive desire to acquire or possess more than one needs or deserves ( ). Henry Fairlie agrees with this definition and offers an eloquent sentiment: The be-all and end-all of life should not be to get rich, but to enrich the world (26). However, Fairlies plea is unheard due to the deafening materialism of modern society. It is a sad fact, but a fact nonetheless, that those who want to enrich are less abundant than those who want to get rich. This phenomenon occurs because wealth is more easily attainable than enrichment. Wealth requires one lucky day at the New York Stock Exchange or the acquisition of an emerging franchise. Enrichment requires an acute mind and patience because social change often takes generations to root in the minds of people. The solution to both Adams and Fairlies sinful society rests in patience. People should not try to perform a lifetime of actions in a fraction of their lifetime. Adams then reveals the twisted prototype for the space-age hero through the character traits of Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect. Arthur was born and raised on Earth,

Why Is Genetic Variation Occurs - 1318 Words

The first person to coin the term epigenetics was Conrad Waddington in the early 1940s (1). He defined the study of epigenetics as â€Å"the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products which bring the phenotype into being† (2). Although scientists have long known that an offspring’s traits are passed down from its parents, the findings of Darwin and Gregor Mendel have really opened the doors for scientific researchers to begin to understand how and why genetic variation occurs. Now with advances in scientific research and bioinformatics, genetics has become increasingly important in revealing the root causes of diseases and the differences among individuals and species. Western religion has contributed to the extensive acceptance of the theory of â€Å"creationism† for hundreds of years. The term creationism according to the National Center for Science Education is: The religious belief in a supernatural deity or force that intervenes, or has intervened, directly in the physical world. Within that broad scope, there are many varieties of creationist belief. Some forms of creationism hold that natural biological processes cannot account for the history, diversity, and complexity of life on earth. Now with observations of gradual changes of species in the fossil record over time and advances in geology led to skepticism that eventually gave birth to the spread and development of the theories that make up the foundation of scientific theoryShow MoreRelatedLab 15 Essay697 Words   |  3 Pagesyou say about the genetic variation between these populations? That the genetic variation between these populations, are almost a complete 1:1 variation. Experiment 2: Questions 1. What observations can you make regarding the gene pool and gene frequency of the surviving individuals? That when you have a 50/50 chance of getting something it is just that a 50% chance you will get it. 2. What determines how often a phenotype occurs in a population? The variation in it if a person hasRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction In order to avoid extinction species must reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation, thus ensuring the survival of the population. For reproduction to occur cell division is necessary and this can be divided into two categories according to the behaviour of the chromosomes, they are known as mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is when the daughter cells finish up containing exactly the same number Read MoreAp Bio Chapter 231661 Words   |  7 Pages\ Chapter 23 Reading guide 1. what is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand? The population is the smallest unit of evolution . This is important to understand because it keeps clear what is evolving. 2. Define the following terms: a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale b. Population: a localized groupRead MoreNatural Selection Paper1502 Words   |  7 Pagesable to pass their genes through reproduction. Within the process of natural selection, it is possible for the original genetic make-up of a species to become altered. The team will report on the different processes of basic mechanisms of evolution, how natural selection results in biodiversity and why biodiversity is important to continued evolution. The sources of genetic variation such as mutations and sexual recombination will also be reviewed. Mechanisms of Evolution It is said that biology â€Å"cameRead MoreEvolutionary Concepts Activity 6 Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in the gene pool. There are several mechanisms that can change a gene pool and allow evolution to occur. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow and genetic drift are some of the driving forces behind evolutionary change. Natural selection and genetic drift are the mechanisms that decrease genetic variation, whereas gene flow and mutation are the driving mechanism to increase genetic variation. Natural selection is basically the understanding that the environment can not support unlimited populationRead MoreMental Health Illnesses Have A Genetic Contribution1534 Words   |  7 Pagesproving to show that mental health illnesses have a genetic contribution. Mental health professionals have long known that certain mental illnesses can run in families, due to the fact that most, the chance of obtaining schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with no genetic factor is around one perfect, as to where if someone has a close relative with a certain disorder, such as a parent or sibling, the risk factor jumps to around ten percent. The genetic force behind the abundance of mental illnesses isRead MoreThe Devil Lake Trout Population Study872 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic diversity is a measurement of the variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, whole genome or phenotype of an organism. An understanding of the genetic diversity of lake trout populations is required for effective conservation and management. The Devil Lake trout population has a higher mean heterozygosity than Loughborough Lake’s. Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, is the keystone species in most northern temperate lakes in North America. They are the top carnivorous species in theRead MoreIt Is Efficient When Copying Information992 Words   |  4 Pagescrossing over occurs. 9. 2 possible genetic variations produced in meiosis; Crossing over: The chromosomes will start to cross over, through exchanging segments of DNA molecules. This happens in the course of prophase 1. The double chromatid pairs which are condensed are the ones that cross over. The new structure offers genetic variation, as they allow the parent genes to intermix. This crossing over process takes place at non-sister chromatids, leaves them with a different genetic complement. ThisRead MoreThe Human Genome And The Building Blocks Of Life1359 Words   |  6 PagesRaul Santos 7-8 Period 4/9/2015 Genetics Much research has gone into learning about the human genome and the building blocks of life. Thanks to genetic research we have learned about mutations and what medical effects they can have on a person. Genetic research allows us to better understand and genetic variation. It has made easier the process of mass producing crops. Because of how useful genetic research is, billions of dollars have been invested in it by companies around the world. But what exactlyRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Biblical Creation1028 Words   |  5 Pageswere related to the variations of the birds living among different environments. With the presumption that only one species of finches exists in South America, Darwin discovered thirteen dissimilar finches on the Galapagos Islands, six-hundred miles east of where they originated. These birds all had different sizes and shapes of their beaks. Additionally, the variations were contributed to the diets, which was different food ranging from insects, f ruits and seeds. The variations in the beaks gave the

A Critical Review Of 1901 Pauline Hopkin s Hagar Daughter

In his critical review of 1901 Pauline Hopkin’s Hagar Daughter, Dr. Tuhkanen argues that this sentimental fiction piece is a narrative of passing in multiple respects. Tuhkanen’s analysis complicates passing’s conventional and simplistic discourse that singularly points to racial purity with his consideration of multi-level passing for national identity. He explores how racial passing is a complex juggling of the social markers that shape national identity. Dr. Tuhkanen draws attention to the nation’s denial of racial hybridity in Hagar’s Daughter: â€Å"The passing characters are isomorphic examples of the state of the Union. The nation itself is passing, unbeknownst to itself, as something else than it claims to be† (389). The twisted plot of Hagar’s Daughter’s mimics the jumbled nature of identity itself and the tangled nature of the racial society during the nineteenth century. While Tuhkanen looks in depth at passing as a network of multiple and perhaps disparate elements, the novel also clearly employs the trope of double to facilitate not only the plot but also undermine the nation’s promoting discourse of race as a black-white binary. Hopkins employs the doubleness of biological identity, inheritance, and racial caricatures throughout her novel to construct the novel’s commentary on passing as it pertains to the nation’s racial duality. Pauline Hopkins begins the story line twice, pre-Civil War and post-Civil War. It begins with a short historical analysis detailing

The Jewish Temple And The Origin Of Sat How Christians...

Elaine Pagels seeks to clarify ongoing questions with Christians and Satan and how Christians managed to create such a demonic figure in The Origin of Satan: How Christians Demonized Jews, Pagans, and Heretics. Pagels aims at taking a very complex subject and making her readers understand how Christianity developed along with Satan. Pagels gives several examples from many different time periods. This paper will aim at summarizing main points on how Satan was created. As well, how Christianity used Satan to demonetize Jews, Pagans and Heretics. Further, a brief opinion on if Christians had not developed Satan how would western history be different today. Satan continues to be one of the most recognized figures in today’s culture, considering out how this figure came to be is complex yet fascinating. Pagels describes the development of Satan throughout her book and how Christians used Satan to demonetize others. Pagels begins with the destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. The Jewish war poisoned the relationship between Jews, â€Å"as the revolt spread to towns and cities, the Jewish population divided† (3). Those who were not following Jesus were then labeled as being Satanic and evil for having different views. Pagels describes Satan in earlier times when he was not looked at as a monstrous being but was one of God’s angels, the angel that had a job of â€Å"blocking or obstructing human activity† (39). In many eyes this angel would have been viewed as the evil

Service Business Management for Edward Elgar-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theService Business Management for Edward Elgar. Answer: Introduction The article explains in detail the issue of insincere audit by auditing firms which has become an issue of great concern by investors. The paper discusses the various case studies that have shaped fraud in auditing of financial statements by independent auditors. Failure by the auditors to conduct a thorough audit on companies` has resulted to huge losses by major companies globally. The paper expands that the lack of proper legislation placing more legal responsibility on the auditor in case they give unqualified opinion on the financial statements and they later turn to be fraud. Tesco used dodgy accounting to exaggerate their financial results so that investors could be lured into buying the companies` stock. The company was found to be have overstated the rebate income and hence exaggerating the revenues of the company. The other auditing firms also failed to detect fraud at Colonial bank which ended up becoming insolvent. Enron and WorldCom scandal was the most popular of these cases and it became the biggest accounting failure in history (Zimmermann Werner, 2013). This instigated the formulation of new laws governing auditing. This paper analyzes the roles and responsibility of auditors in any given organization. The paper also discusses regulations and deregulations in accounting as well as the impact. My view of the paper The paper analyzes the major cases in auditing fraud and the results of dodgy auditing activities. Auditing is a very sensitive process in an organization and therefore it is important that auditors are very thorough in their work. The auditing of a firms financial statements has to be done with the interest of the shareholders at the forefront. The big four auditing companies globally have been faced a by a series of cases where the companies have given a clean record on the financial records of an organization whereas there is a lot of fraud, misstatement, and omissions in the financial statements (Welytok, 2008).The auditing companies tend to create a warm relationship with the companies. The companies give handsome fees to the auditing companies and hence they end up compromising the standards of auditing and hence leading to an increase in these cases. Some auditors are personally responsible for the mess and they need to be legally responsible for the fraud and the misleading f inancial statements audited by their parent companies`. The regulatory body which is the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board should put more stringent measures to ensure that the interest of the shareholders is protected. The legislation should place individual legal responsibility on the auditors to who carried out the audit. This would help in increasing competence and professionalism in auditing profession so as to ensure that thorough audit is conducted on the companies and hence increasing the confidence of users of the financial statements who currently have lost faith in the external auditors( Great britain.2011). The auditors have to ensure that the companies` do not approve financial statements that are full of fraud. The auditing big auditing firms also need to take responsibility and raise the bar on auditing standards so as to save the investors from the huge losses that they have incurred as a result of misleading audited financial statements. Critical evaluation of role and responsibility of the auditor The auditors have a very large responsibility in protecting the interests of shareholders and other important stakeholders of the client company. The external auditors play a very critical role in scrutinizing and validating the financial statements of the client company. The audited financial statements of a company are very important to the lenders of finances and other creditors. If one of these stakeholders realizes that the auditor failed to detect material misstatements in financial statements. This gives a bad impression on the accounting firm and the company being audited. The bad publicity may come as a result of this failure and it may end up being very costly to the company itself and the auditing firm (Stachowicz-stanusch, Amann mMangia, 2017) It is therefore very important that auditors attached to a particular auditing firm have to be aware of the standards set by the regulatory bodies and the company itself. The following are the major responsibilities and duties of au ditors; The auditors are responsible for providing an opinion on the financial statements prepared by the company. The external managers are in charge of ensuring that the financial statements prepared by the accounting department of a company are in line with the accounting principles and standards stipulated in the International body of accounting and the Australian Accounting Standards Board (BrysonDaniels, 2015). The external auditor is not responsible for preparing the statements. They scrutinize and ensure that what is recorded in the financial statements is the ideal thing before giving an opinion on the financial reports. For this role to be played perfectly, the auditor needs to be very professional and independent. The auditor have the role of evaluating and understanding the internal control system. This helps the auditor to understand the major loopholes in the internal control system. This will also help the auditor to identify the most risky areas and rank them appropriately (Doyran, 2011). This will help to understand the The auditor has a responsibility of understanding the entity and the environment which the entity operates. The auditor needs to understand the nature of the industry in which the company is operating in. The auditor also needs to understand the challenges faced in the operating environment of the company and understand the items that are at the core of the businesses operations (Pietra, McleayRonen, n.d.). This will be important for the auditors to conduct risk assessment for the company and compare it with the other companies in the industry before deciding on how to go about their accounting work. The auditor also needs to obtain sufficient material evidence when making an opinion on the financial statements. The quality of evidence collected by the auditor is also crucial in backing up the opinion expressed by the author. The auditors have a responsibility of being independent throughout the auditing assignment. They should ensure that their independence is not compromised at whatever cost. The audit firms should not have a financial interest in the company which is the client. This will ensure that all the records are investigated thoroughly and a fair and true opinion is expressed by the auditor (Klikauer, 2012). This helps to raise the credibility and assurance of the external audit. The auditor has a responsibility of testing the documentation and supporting balances of accounts. The trial balances of the company and other testing documentation have to be investigated by the auditor. The auditor also has to observe and confirm the physical inventory to ensure that what is listed in the financial statements is actually what exists physically. Independence of auditors The issue of independence of either the external or the internal auditor is very critical. This is because the auditors are required to investigate the financial statement by the company and make an honest and true opinion on the financial statements. The auditors need to be independent from parties whether companies or individuals who have a financial interest in the company that is audited. The external auditor needs to be independent from the companies or the entities that have an interest in the financial statements of a particular entity (Hill Rae, 2010). The independence of an auditor is at the core of the code of ethics of the accounting profession and every auditing firms code of ethics. This is because the role of auditors in a company is to investigate financial statements independently without favoring any of the parties interested in the financial results. The independence of the auditor means that the users of the audited financial records will have increased confidence in the results. The scandals experienced since the year 2000 such as the Enron scandal has cast doubt on the independence of the auditors. This is because as discussed in the case studies, it is seen that the largest auditing companies have committed accounting failures that have been very costly to the companies and the investors (Beattie, FearnleyHines, 2011). Some auditing firms have colluded with the companies they are auditing to persuade them to compromise the auditing standards so as to accommodate material misstatements and issue unqualified opinion on the financial reports. New regulations need to be put in place to make the companies adhere to the principle of independence and hence enhance the confidence that parties have on audited financial statements. Regulations and deregulations There are very many changes in regulations that have been made to laws in the auditing sector to help reduce the failures that have been witnessed over the years. The audit/accounting failures witnessed since the year 2001 has necessitated an initiate to change the regulations of the industry and the profession to help increase confidence among the users of audited financial statements. Some of these changes have involved significant removal of some regulations which interfere with the ability of the auditors to deliver a true and fair opinion on a companys financial statements. There has been a call for companies to change auditors regularly. There has been proposals that an auditor should be given a contact of ten years after which their performance can be renewed to evaluates whether they are the best option. In the US, the Sarbanes -Oxley Act was implemented to deal with the issue of conflict of interest on the part of the auditing company Auditing firms were no longer allowed to offer consultancy services to their clients to present the conflict of interest. In 2005, the Supreme Court in America ruled that the shareholders must prove a direct causal link between the actions of the auditor and the decline in share price which has resulted to losses (Niskanen, 2007). The Public Company Accounting oversight Board (PCAOB) was formed to play a supervisory role over the auditing companies to ensure that the companies` adhere to the code of conduct and to other regulations regarding the auditing of public companies. The Financial Reporting council also plays the same role. Conclusion The Enron scandal brought about a new chapter in auditing of public accounts by the big auditing firms. The collapse of the company revealed many loopholes in the auditing of public companies financial statements. Many companies such as Tesco have found themselves in trouble with their investors due to failure by the auditors to detect risky areas in the company which have had a huge effect on the companies` books of account. Companies over the years have tried to cook financial records in order to impress the shareholders and gain a favorable price on their shares hence raising share capital. The auditing companies have failed to meet the auditing standards and have been lax in performing their audit functions and hence leading to many accounting failures. Changes have been made to help seal these loopholes by trying to place more legal responsibility on the auditors. The report discusses the roles and responsibilities of auditors and the regulations and deregulations that have been made to the on auditing over the years. References Beattie, v., fearnley, s., hines, t. (2011). Reaching key financial reporting decisions: How directors and auditors interact. Chichester, west sussex, united kingdom, john wiley sons. Bryson, j. R., daniels, p. W. (2015). Handbook of service business management, marketing, innovation and internationalisation. Cheltenham, edward elgar pub. Ltd. Doyran, m. A. (2011). Financial crisis management and the pursuit of power american pre-eminence and the credit crunch. Burlington, vt, ashgate. Http://site.ebrary.com/id/10478326. Great britain. (2011). Auditors: Market concentration and their role : 2nd report of session 2010-11. Vol. 2, vol. 2. London, stationery office. Hill, a., rae, s. B. (2010). The virtues of capitalism a moral case for free markets. Chicago, il, northfield pub. Klikauer, t. (2012). Seven management moralities. Houndmills, basingstoke, hampshire, palgrave macmillan. Niskanen, w. A. (2007). After enron: Lessons for public policy. Pietra, r., mcleay, s., ronen, j. (n.d.). Accounting and regulation [recurso electrnico] new insights on governance, markets and institutions. Stachowicz-stanusch, a., amann, w., mangia, g. (2017). Corporate social irresponsibility: Individual behaviors and organizational practices. Http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?Direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkan=1487257. Welytok, j. G. (2008). Sarbanes-oxley for dummies. Hoboken, n.j., wiley pub. Http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?Bookid=24452. Zimmermann, j., werner, j. R. (2013). Regulating capitalism?: The evolution of transnational accounting governance. Basingstoke, palgrave macmillan. Http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?P=1514192.

Priimtiniausias Vadovavimo Organizacijoje - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Priimtiniausias Vadovavimo Stilius Organizacijoje? Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to the art in which an individual motivates a group of people towards achieving a common and desired goal. This report talks about the various types of leadership theories which are used by different and successful leaders across the world. An emphasis is put on the type of leadership styles exhibited by Steve Jobs and this is used as an example of which type of leader is good and one that is not a great leader. Organizational settings An organization set basically refers to the way in which an organizations employee base is in constant contact with the top management. The type of organizational setting is usually affected by the way in which the leadership style being used can have an impact on the organization itself. (Goldsworthy, 2015, 399). The setting now accommodates for the various factors that are there such as the styles of leadership and other factors that may cause an effect in any way. Some of the leadership theories in an organization are as follows This theory affects the performance of the organization either directly or indirectly. The theories that are commonly known are:- Great Man Theory. This theory came into being in the 19th century. By this time no one was in a position to identify himself or herself with the theory. This type of theory is concerned with the identification of great leaders who could perform numerous outstanding functionalities. (Ahmed, et al 2015). As the name of the theory portrays it shows that only a man can have the best characteristics that are required in a leader. The theory of the great man suggests that the characteristics of a leader are intrinsic, that they are born with the various qualities of a leader and therefore not made to obtain the traits to be made leaders. The theory views great leaders to be the ones that from birth they were destined to be a great leader and if not from birth then the leader, not a great one. The theory also shows that great leaders show their capabilities when confronted with difficult situations. Trait Theory. This theory is concerned with the mental capability of a leader. The theory states that people are either born leaders or are made to be leaders overtime. What matters most is the mentality of the particular person. What makes a person excel in leadership according to the theory is the type of character traits that the person has and this majorly is influenced by the mental being of the person. This then proves that the theory focuses mostly on the mental, physical and social analysis of a persons characteristics and this helps in making more sense of the particular person. Behavioral Theories. Role Theory. Behavioral theories are those type of theories that focus more on the type of behaviors that are exhibited. This is a different case as is not concerned with their mental capabilities, physical or social characteristics. (Jobs Hoopla digital, 2012, 76). The theory states generally that leaders are not born but they are made from the particular experiences in which they are exposed to. The kind of behaviors in which they exhibit proves that they are leaders or not. This theory then means that the various people who are leaders can also be trained to be better leaders than they are. Transactional Leadership. This set of theories is also known as exchange theories of a leader. The theories are characterized by a particular transaction made between the follower and the one leading. The theory shows a relationship that is positive and in a way a mutually beneficial relationship. This theory states that for the relationship to be transactional and be in an effective manner there must be motivations made by the leader to the follower and this usually is when the follower has done what is expected to his/her perfection. Transactional leaders must always learn to appreciate their employees and most specifically when the employee performs in an outstanding manner. The theory also states that the average human being usually seeks to maximize most of the experiences that entail pleasure and they tend to put off the experiences that are un-pleasurable. This theory states that the human in most occasions likes to associate himself or herself with the people that add value to their lives and most people that can be of more value. Transformational Leadership. This is a theory that states that in the process by which a person interacts with other people can be able to help make a great relationship that is formed on the basis of trust. This particular relationship helps motivated people that work together and helps improve the employee to employer relationship. (Jobs In Gillespie, 2016, 99). This style means that the leaders transform their followers through inspiring them in various ways and especially in their various personalities. This style makes the employees have a sense of belonging to the particular organization, also this helps make the employees have a sense of identity to the particular organization. The forms of leadership approaches are the qualitative approach and the functional approach. Qualitative approach states that leaders are born and therefore consists of certain inherited factors and therefore leaders are not made. The second approach, a functional approach which is also referred to as group approach states that leadership as a virtue can be developed through learning over time. The behavioral styles approach is an approach that mainly focuses on the particular behaviors of the leaders. Another approach is the situational approach. This refers that the certain situation that is present determines the type of leadership style to be adopted, and this is usually the most effective style according to the situation at hand. Transactional and transformational leadership is another approach. This approach closely monitors two of the leadership levels as:- Transactional- deals mostly with the self-interest of the available employees and based on the position occupied by the leader in authority Transformational leadership- This is guided by a leadership style where the employees are motivated to offer effort than what the transactional leadership can offer and not just their self-interest. There are also leadership styles that affect the way in which a leader conducts himself or herself. These various styles affect the people being led in different ways and this makes the styles different. The people being led sometimes tend to work more for certain leaders with certain styles as compared to other leaders. Global leadership This refers to the study of elements of leaders that is key to the future leaders in all areas of life. The particular personnel should always be familiarized with the psychological, physiological, geographical, geopolitical, anthropological and sociological effects that come about from the fact of globalization. (Jobs In Kelly-Gangi, 2014, 323). Advantages of global leadership By having intellectual competence in an organization there is the development of proper communication and marketing strategies with particular market entries or launching of products becomes easy. Management environment becomes increasingly international and also the cross-cultural effect on the global perspective. This, therefore, leads to additional dimensions in the environment that is usually dynamic. This brings about forming of a multinational group. Makes it possible to learn how to build cross-cultural networks. Leadership and change In the world today there is a lot of competition in all areas and everything is becoming competitive. This is an indication that more and more organizations are coming up and the ones that are already available going through change in terms of growth. An organization that resist change is therefore an organization that is as good as dead. Change therefore is needed because customers are demanding more and more as compared to how they demand quality. This then means that if you do not changes and provide what is needed competitors will provide it for you. For change to occur successful in an organization the type of leaders present really matter and are the ones to drive the changes. The work of a leader mainly is to emphasize the essence of change in an organization and also make the other colleges in the organization to buy the idea. The leadership of Steve Jobs Steve jobs is one of the most successful technology CEO of all times and up to now no one really has reached the point in which he led. Steve Jobs was always aware of the constantly growing competition in the world that is all over. As the competition rises there is a lot of pressure on innovation and the need to create more products. (Ofoegbu, et al, 2013) The top on the list of strategic goals of every organization is their service to stay on top of others. The CEOs of these companies remain to be the ones under a lot of pressure to help maintain the image of the organization and also to make the organization to remain relevant to the world as whole. The CEOs are then now challenged with the question of constant change which is required in every organization. There is a global firm that carried out an investigation on the various leadership styles and how the CEOs of various companies have been able to stay on the move of constant change in order to combat the constantly increasing competition. The firm, Waterhouse Coopers, did a market survey and in this they did to 1258 CEOs in more than 60 countries. The survey was termed as 2012 Global CEO survey. They spoke on the various opportunities and challenges that their organizations have. (Jobs Revolver Entertainment (Firm, 2012, 333) Revelation was seen that CEOs play a greater role when it comes to the overall change in an organization. The challenge that is present in the globe is on various organizations having great leaders who have the ability to spearhead creative force to the employees of the organization. One of the outstanding CEOs in this survey was Steve Jobs. He had not taken part in the previous survey but this time round had proven to be a driver of innovation and hence increased profits in his organization. For a clearer understanding of the various leadership styles that Steve Jobs exhibited research done was broken down to five phases of his life lessons during his entire career. First, beginning when he founded Apple, second is the challenges he faced, third was his fall, fourth was his return and then finally fifth was his legacy on his career. (Williams, 2005, 111). The beginning of Steve Jobs when he founded Apple. Jobs was a dropout from college with a spirit to change the world. He was ambitious and need some boost to be able to accomplish various tasks. He then joined hands with his brother Steve Wozniak. Jobs designed the fast computer and this was as a result of his love for designing. This first shows that Jobs was an innovative and creative young man. Another trait exhibited by Jobs in this context is his commitment to perfection. This was also seen in his entire career as he demanded this from all he worked with. It is even recorded that pleasing Steve Jobs was almost impossible as he was always a perfectionist. In many occasions Jobs became brutal and cold. He says in one of his interviews my job is not to please people but is to make them better. Jobs always carried the vision of apple and always inspired other employees. This is a great leadership trait and always encouraged innovation and creation of new things with a view to change the world. As a leader Jobs always showed his employees the meaning of work and made several employees believe in making what seemed to be impossible become possible. Challenges faced by Steve Jobs during his career Not everything that he created was a success. Throughout his career Jobs had what is called unmatched set of skills that are vision, intuition, creativity and leadership. Though he was usually not put down by his failures and always kept on moving forward. (Spaulding, 2008, 39). When his group failed to in a certain project he fired a lot of memos and narrowed down to middle managers. Even before the project was done he demoralized the designers. This he did by demanding them to produce an entirely new look of the design. This was due to his quality of perfection. The return of Steve Jobs. During the time when Steve Jobs was not working for Apple anymore he experienced a lot of changes in his life. The organization also faced some changes due to this factor. He had founded two companies, NeXT and Pixar. He was in need of funds to fund this two companies. This is when Apple had proposed to buy NeXT for its software. Jobs was also asked to return to apple as an advisor and this made him become a changed man. The legacy of Steve jobs in his entire career. First Steve Jobs will always be remembered in the whole world as a global icon who always wanted advancements in technology. The greatest legacy that he left behind was that of leadership insights and lessons. He achieved his main goal which was to connect people and actually this is a great legacy he left behind as a leader. Conclusions Leadership refers to the art in which an individual motivates a group of people towards achieving a common and desired goal. (Steinberg, 2014, 110). A leader must always influence the various employees that he is working with. I can also conclude that the success of an organization depends a lot with the type of leader in the organization. This is proven by Steve jobs who proves to be a great leader who is creative and innovative and success is seen in Apple. I would recommend that survey should be done in order for various aspects of leaders to be noticed around the world so that we can change the world as a whole. References Ahmed, E., Reaburn, P., Samad, A., Davis, H. (2015). TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE WELLBEING AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES IN AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITIES. Journal Of Developing Areas, 49(6), 441-448. Bauer, D. (2015). Successful leadership behaviours in Slovak organizations' environment - an introduction to Slovak implicit leadership theories based on GLOBE study findings. Journal For East European Management Studies, 20(1), 9-35. doi:10.1688/JEEMS-2015-01-Bauer Boyle,D., Rudin,S., Gordon,M., Casady,G., Colson,C., Sorkin,A., Universal Studios Home Entertainment (Firm). (2016).Steve Jobs. Ghasabeh, M. S., Reaiche, C., Soosay, C. (2015). THE EMERGING ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP. Journal Of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459-467. Goldsworthy,S. (2015).Steve Jobs. Jobs,S., Hoopla digital. (2012).Steve jobs - consciously genius: unauthorized documentary. United States: REAGAL. Jobs,S., In Gillespie,K. (2016).Steve Jobs. Jobs,S., In Kelly-Gangi,C. (2014).Steve Jobs. Jobs,S., Revolver Entertainment (Firm). (2012).Steve Jobs: Visionary genius. West Hollywood, CA: Revolver Entertainment. KUNNANATT, J. T. (2016). 3D LEADERSHIP -- STRATEGY-LINKED LEADERSHIP FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING TEAMS. Economics, Management Financial Markets, 11(3), 30-55 Landis, E. A., Hill, D., Harvey, M. R. (2014). A Synthesis of Leadership Theories and Styles. Journal Of Management Policy Practice, 15(2), 97-100. Ofoegbu, F. I., Clark, A. O., Osagie, R. O. (2013). Leadership Theories and Practice: Charting a Path for Improved Nigerian Schools. International Studies In Educational Administration (Commonwealth Council For Educational Administration Management (CCEAM)), 41(2), 67-76. Paulien?, R. (2012). TRANSFORMING LEADERSHIP STYLES AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN A MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT. Business, Management Education / Verslas, Vadyba Ir Studijos, 10(1), 91-109. doi:10.3846/bme.2012.08 PETRULIS, A. (2017). DARBUOTOJAMS PRIIMTINIAUSIAS VADOVAVIMO STILIUS ORGANIZACIJOJE. Regional Formation Development Studies, (21), 109-121. doi:10.15181/rfds.v21i1.1413 Spaulding,S. (2008).Team leadership in the game industry. Boston, MA: Course Technology, PTR/CRM. Steinberg,B. (2014).Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. Montre?al: McGill-Queen's University Press. Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A., Spieth, P. (2013). Leadership in Temporary Organizations: A Review of Leadership Theories and a Research Agenda. Project Management Journal, 44(6), 52-67. doi:10.1002/pmj.21380